--- title: "Planar Magnetic Headphones: How the Driver Works" description: "How a planar magnetic driver differs from a dynamic one, what it genuinely does better, what it costs you, and whether you need a special amplifier." url: "https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/planar-magnetic/" type: "website" author: "Jakub Charkiewicz" --- > Markdown rendering of https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/planar-magnetic/ > Canonical URL to cite: https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/planar-magnetic/ > Generated from the published page. Text and links only; see the HTML for layout. Breadcrumb: [Home](https://theaudiostuff.com/) > [Glossary](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/) > Planar Magnetic # Planar Magnetic Headphones: How the Driver Actually Works A planar magnetic driver is a thin film with a conductive trace printed on it, suspended between magnet arrays. Because the force is applied across the whole diaphragm rather than at one point, it controls the surface more evenly than a cone driver, which is where its resolution and its flat impedance curve both come from. ## Work it out for your gear [Headphone Power Calculator](https://theaudiostuff.com/tools/headphone-power-calculator/) How much amplifier power your headphones need to hit a target listening level. Sensitivity (dB/mW or dB/V), impedance, headroom: required mW, RMS volts, and peak voltage swing. ## How it differs from a dynamic driver A conventional [dynamic driver](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/dynamic-driver/) is a cone or dome attached to a [voice coil](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#voice-coil) that sits in a magnetic gap. The motor pushes at one place, the centre, and the rest of the [diaphragm](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#diaphragm) follows. At higher frequencies and higher excursions it does not follow perfectly, and the diaphragm flexes in ways that were not in the signal. A [planar magnetic](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#planar-magnetic) driver replaces that arrangement entirely. The diaphragm is a film, usually a few microns thick, with a conductor [etched](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#etched) or bonded across its surface in a serpentine pattern. It hangs between arrays of magnets. When current runs through the trace, force is applied along the whole conductor at once, distributed across the diaphragm rather than concentrated at a coil. That single structural difference produces most of what follows. ## What it genuinely does better **Distributed drive.** Because force is applied across the surface, the diaphragm moves closer to uniformly. Break-up modes that a cone reaches are pushed outside the audible band or largely avoided. **Low moving mass with high surface area.** A planar diaphragm is very light for the area it moves. It starts and stops quickly, which is what people are describing when they call planar [bass](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#bass) "tight" or transients "fast". **A nearly flat [impedance](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/impedance/) curve.** There is no voice coil with its own mechanical resonance, so the impedance does not spike at the driver's [resonant frequency](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#resonant-frequency) the way a dynamic driver's does. This is the underappreciated one: it means a planar's [frequency response](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/frequency-response/) barely changes with source output impedance, so it sounds far more consistent across amplifiers than a dynamic headphone does. **[Bass extension](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#bass-extension) without a resonance peak.** Planars typically extend low with a flat response rather than relying on a tuned resonance, which is why the low end reads as even rather than as a bump. ## What it costs you **[Efficiency](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#efficiency).** Distributing force over a large diaphragm takes more energy than driving a small cone. Many planars sit below 90 dB/mW, which is the band where amplifier choice stops being optional. **Weight.** Magnet arrays on both sides of a large diaphragm are heavy. Planar headphones are generally heavier than dynamic ones of the same class, and comfort becomes a real design problem rather than an afterthought. **Size.** The diaphragm area that gives planars their advantages also makes the earcups large, which is part of why the technology dominates [open-back](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/open-back/) home listening and is rare in portables. **Cost.** Manufacturing a uniform micron-scale diaphragm with an even magnetic field is harder than winding a voice coil, and the price reflects it. ## Do you need a special amplifier? Mostly no, and the reputation is out of date. The consumer-tier planars of the last decade run cleanly from any competent desktop amplifier delivering around a watt into 32 ohms. The genuinely demanding ones are a small group of flagship designs with very low [sensitivity](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/sensitivity/), and they earn their reputation honestly. The rule of thumb worth carrying: below roughly 90 dB/mW, plan for real amplification; above 92 dB/mW, most modern desktop chains have the [headroom](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#headroom). Because impedance is flat, what a planar needs from an amplifier is current rather than voltage swing. A source rated generously into 300 ohms but weakly into 32 is the wrong shape for one. ## Is planar better? Below roughly $500, planars usually win on [resolution](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#resolution), bass texture and decay. Dynamic drivers win on [warmth](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/#warmth), impact and, often, comfort and efficiency. Above that, the comparison stops being about the technology. The best dynamic-driver headphones compete with anything planar at the same price, and the differences that remain are voicing decisions rather than consequences of the motor. Buy the headphone, not the driver type. ## Reviewed gear that shows this 13 reviews in the catalogue, highest-scoring 6 shown. Every score is anchored to the same published reference list. - [HIFIMAN HE1000se 9.3/10 · $1,700](https://theaudiostuff.com/reviews/hifiman-he1000se/) - [HIFIMAN Arya Organic 9.2/10 · $1,099](https://theaudiostuff.com/reviews/hifiman-arya-organic/) - [HIFIMAN Arya Unveiled 9.1/10 · $1,299](https://theaudiostuff.com/reviews/hifiman-arya-unveiled/) - [HIFIMAN Sundara 9.0/10 · $299](https://theaudiostuff.com/reviews/hifiman-sundara/) - [HIFIMAN Ananda Stealth 8.8/10 · $359](https://theaudiostuff.com/reviews/hifiman-ananda-stealth/) - [HIFIMAN Arya Stealth 8.7/10 · $759](https://theaudiostuff.com/reviews/hifiman-arya-stealth/) ## Keep reading - [Best Planar Magnetic Headphones](https://theaudiostuff.com/guides/best-planar-magnetic-headphones/) - [Full audio glossary](https://theaudiostuff.com/glossary/) - [How we test and score](https://theaudiostuff.com/about/#methodology-title)